In WordPress, you can customize the theme that you are working with. Each theme has a Customize menu button you can click when you go to Dashboard, Themes. A sidebar opens up for the theme you are working with, even if it a child theme. When you Customize the Expound theme you will see the following menu list.

Site Identity
Colors
Header Image
Background Image
Menus
Widgets
Static Front Page

For the theme Twenty Twelve, the list is exactly the same as the Expound theme. However, some theme writers add a lot more options, such as the Sydney theme listed below.
General
Site title/tagline/logo
Header area
Blog Options
Fonts
Footer
Colors
Background Image
Therme Info
Menus
Widgets
Static Front Page

Customizr, a very popular theme, has the following menu items:
Global Settings
Header
Content: home, posts…
Sidebars
Footer
Menus
Widgets
Advanced Options